### Eigenvalues, Forbidden Subgraphs and Ramsey

Arizona State University
October 16, 2022
Joint work with Саша Полянский Alexandr Polyanskii

## Part I

### Eigenvalues

#### Adjacency matrix and smallest eigenvalue

 $G$ $\lambda_1(G)$ $K_n$ $-1$ $K_{1,n}$ $-\sqrt{n}$ $P_n$ $-2\cos\frac{\pi}{n+1}$

$\lim_n \lambda_1(P_n) = -2$

Limit of the smallest eigenvalue? $-\lambda^*$

### $\lambda^* = \sqrt{\beta}+1/\sqrt{\beta} =$ 2.019800887...

where $\beta$ is real root of $x^3 = x + 1$.

Characterization of graphs with bounded eigenvalues

$\mathcal{G}(\lambda) = \{$ graphs with smallest eigenvalue $\ge -\lambda \}$

Cauchy interlacing theorem

$\mathcal{G}(\lambda)$ is closed under taking subgraphs
* all subgraphs are induced

## Part II

### Forbidden subgraphs

$\mathcal{G}(\lambda) = \{$ graphs with smallest eigenvalue $\ge -\lambda \}$

$\mathcal{G}(\lambda)$ is closed under taking subgraphs

Planar graphs are closed under taking minors

Wagner's theorem: no $K_5$ or $K_{3,3}$ minors

$\mathcal{G}(\lambda) = \{$ graphs with smallest eigenvalue $\ge -\lambda \}$

$\mathcal{G}(\lambda)$ is closed under taking subgraphs

Question: Define $\mathcal{G}(\lambda)$ by forbidden subgraphs?

$\mathcal{G}(\lambda) = \{$ graphs with smallest eigenvalue $\ge -\lambda \}$

Question: Define $\mathcal{G}(\lambda)$ by forbidden subgraphs?

Simple case $\lambda < 1$

$\lambda_1(K_2) = -1$ hence $K_2 \not\in \mathcal{G}(\lambda)$

$\mathcal{G}(\lambda) = \{$ graphs with no edges $\}$

Tautology: Forbid all graphs outside $\mathcal{G}(\lambda)$

$\mathcal{G}(\lambda) = \{$ graphs with smallest eigenvalue $\ge -\lambda \}$

Question [Bussemaker and Neumaier 1992]
Can $\mathcal{G}(\lambda)$ be defined by finite forbidden subgraphs?

$\mathcal{G}(2)$ is complex; it contains all the line graphs

Cameron, Goethals, Seidel, and Shult: For every connected graph, it is in $\mathcal{G}(2)$ if and only if it is a "generalized line graph" or an "exceptional graph"

Kumar, Rao and Singhi: $\mathcal{G}(2)$ can be defined by forbidden subgraphs with $\le 10$ vertices

$\mathcal{G}(\lambda) = \{$ graphs with smallest eigenvalue $\ge -\lambda \}$

Question [Bussemaker and Neumaier 1992]
Can $\mathcal{G}(\lambda)$ be defined by finite forbidden subgraphs?

"however, these seem to be very difficult problems"

J. and Polyanskii 2022
Yes if and only if $\lambda < \lambda^* \approx 2.01980$

### Generalization to signed graphs

$\mathcal{G}^\pm(\lambda) = \{$ signed graphs with smallest e.v. $\ge -\lambda\}$

Can $\mathcal{G}^\pm(\lambda)$ be defined by finite forbidden subgraphs?

J. and Polyanskii 2022 Yes if and only if $\lambda < \lambda^*$

Motivation [Tidor, Yao, Zhang and Zhao 2022] Application to spherical two distance sets

Application. For every $λ < λ^*$, there exists $n_0$ s.t.
for every symmetric integer matrix$$A = \begin{bmatrix}0 & * & \dots & * \\ * & 0 & \dots & * \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ * & * & \cdots & 0 \end{bmatrix}$$if $\lambda_1(A_0) \ge -λ$ for every principal submatrix $A_0$ of order at most $n_0$, then $\lambda_1(A) \ge -λ$

Vijayakumar 1987: for $λ = 2$, $n_0 = 10$

## Part III

### Ramsey

$\mathcal{G}(\lambda) = \{$ graphs with smallest eigenvalue $\ge -\lambda \}$

$\mathcal{G}(\lambda)$ can be defined by finite forbidden subgraphs
if and only if $\lambda < \lambda^* \approx 2.01980$

Two cases

$\lambda < \lambda^*$ and $\lambda \ge \lambda^*$

Case: For $\lambda < \lambda^*$, $\mathcal{G}(\lambda)$ can be defined by finite forbidden subgraphs

Step 1: Forbid $K_{1,5}$ because $\lambda_1(K_{1,5}) = -\sqrt{5}$

Step 2 (Ramsey-type result): For every $\ell, m$ and $F$, for every sufficiently large $K_{1,5}$-free connected graph $G$, if $G$ contains $F$, then $G$ contains"Forbidding $(\ell, m)$-extensions of $F$ effectively forbids $F$ itself in sufficiently large connected graphs"

Subcase: $2 \le \lambda < \lambda^*$

Step 1: Forbid $K_{1,5}$

Step 2: Forbidding $(\ell, m)$-extensions of $F$ effectively forbids $F$ itself in sufficiently large connected graphs

Step 3: Find $\ell, m$ such that all $(\ell, m)$-extensions of $F$ are disjoint from $\mathcal{G}(\lambda)$, for every minimal forbidden subgraph $F$ for "generalized line graphs"

Subcase: $2 \le \lambda < \lambda^*$

Step 1: Forbid $K_{1,5}$

Step 2: Forbidding $(\ell, m)$-extensions of $F$ effectively forbids $F$ itself in sufficiently large connected graphs

Step 3: Find $\ell, m$ such that all $(\ell, m)$-extensions of $F$ are disjoint from $\mathcal{G}(\lambda)$, for every minimal forbidden subgraph $F$ for "generalized line graphs"

Step 4: Forbid all these extensions

Subcase: $\lambda < 2$

Computationally simpler, but conceptually complicated

...

Last step uses non-effective Ramsey-type result
Dickson's lemma
The poset $(\mathbb{N}^n, ≤)$ does not contain infinite antichains

Case: For $\lambda \ge \lambda^*$, $G(\lambda)$ cannot be defined by finite forbidden subgraphs

Observation: if $G(\lambda)$ can be defined by finite forbidden subgraphs, then $G(\lambda + \varepsilon) \setminus G(\lambda) = \varnothing$ for some $\varepsilon$

Suffices to construct graphs to densely fill $(-\infty, -\lambda^*)$

### Open problems

Problem A: Effectivization

Problem B: Classify all the connected graphs with smallest eigenvalue in $(-λ^*,-2)$. In particular, classify those with sufficiently many vertices

Problem C: Same problem but for signed graphs

Recently, Wang, Dong, Hou and Li classified signed graphs with spectral radius in $(0, \sqrt{2 + \sqrt{5}})$

Problem D: Forbidden principle submatrices for $\{0,\pm 1\}$-valued symmetric matrices with eigenvalues bounded from below
Connection to Lehmer's Mahler measure problem

Problem E: Fix $-1 \le \beta < 0 \le \alpha < 1$, determine asymptotic behavior of maximum number of unit vectors in $\mathbb{R}^n$ with pairwise inner product $\alpha$ or $\beta$.
Solved when $\alpha + 2\beta < 0$ or $(1 - \alpha) / (\alpha - \beta)< \lambda^*$

Arizona State University
zilinj@asu.edu